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Using Zebra Mussels to Monitor Escherichia coli in Environmental Waters

Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI

View larger version (61K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Location of field sites in the Clinton River watershed. The compass cross is located at 42°30' N, 83° W. Monitoring sites are indicated by partially filled circles on the Clinton River and its tributaries. Names of the sites referred to in the text are as follows: 3, Denton; 7, Bear Creek; 8, Red Run; 9, Metropolitan; 12, north branch Clinton River; 13, downstream Clinton River; and 15, Spillway. Triangles indicate the locations of rain gauges for which data are reported in Fig. 4 through 6

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Uptake of E. coli colony forming units (cfu) from water by zebra mussels as a function of time. Sewage containing E. coli was added at 0 h, and water and mussels were sampled at intervals, as described in the text

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Uptake of E. coli from water by zebra mussels and depuration in the presence of low external concentrations of E. coli in two experiments. (A) Sewage was added at time = 1 h. At time = 13 h, the sewage-containing water was replaced by sterile water. Mussels and water were sampled at indicated intervals. (B) Similar to (A), except that bacteria enumeration was done on water and two groups of mussels at each time. Bacteria in one group of mussels was enumerated after shucking, as in (A); in the other group, whole mussels, with shells, were enumerated

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Escherichia coli concentrations in water and caged zebra mussels sampled daily in the Clinton River during the period of 1 to 8 Sept. 1997. Monitoring sites were at (A) downstream Clinton River (Site 13) and (B) north branch Clinton River (Site 12). Rainfall measured by the rain gauge located near Site 11 (see Fig. 1) is indicated by vertical black bars at the top

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Escherichia coli concentrations in water and caged zebra mussels sampled daily, except for one missed sampling day, in a manmade branch of the Clinton River known as the Spillway (Site 15). Rainfall measured by the rain gauge near Site 14 (see Fig. 1) is indicated by vertical black bars at the top

View larger version (34K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Escherichia coli concentrations in water and caged zebra mussels sampled daily in a number of sites along Red Run Drain and its tributary, Bear Creek. Monitoring sites were at (A) Bear Creek (Site 7), (B) Red Run (Site 8), (C) Denton (Site 3), and (D) Metropolitan (Site 9). Rainfall, indicated by the vertical black bars at the top of the figure, is an average of the three rain gauges located 1.6 to 3.2 km (1 to 2 miles) from the confluence of Bear Creek and Red Run Creek