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The Environmental Fate of Three Dichlorophenyl Nitrophenyl Ether Herbicides in a Rice Paddy Model Ecosystem¹

ABSTRACT

The distribution and fate of three ¹⁴C radiolabeled diphenyl ether herbicides, nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether), X-52 or methoxy-nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl 3'-methoxy-4'-nitrophenyl ether), and bifenox (2,4-dichlorophenyl 3'-carbomethoxy-4'-nitrophenyl ether), were evaluated in a laboratory rice (Oryza sativa L., Taichung Native No. 1) paddy model ecosystem. Nitrofen was relatively stable under model ecosystem conditions and was bioconcentrated and stored over a 33-day period in tissues of alga (Oedogonium cardiacum Wittrock), snail (Physa sp.), mosquito (Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say), and fish (Gambusia affinis Baird & Girard). The carbomethoxy group of bifenox served as an effective degradophore and tissue storage of the parent compound was minimal. The methoxy group of the methoxynitrofen was not an effective degradophore. The laboratory rice paddy model ecosystem is a useful tool for evaluating the environmental effects and fate of pesticides to be used in rice culture.

Key Words: nitrofen • bifenox • environmental contamination

¹ Contribution from the Inst. of Environ. Stud. and Dep. of Entomol., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.

² An-Horng Lee and Po-Yung Lu are Research Associates and Robert L. Metcalf is Professor, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. Err-Lieh Hsu's present address is Dep. of Plant Pathol. and Entomol., National Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan, China.

Received for publication February 10, 1976.