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ABSTRACT
Volatilization of ammonia from manure spread in the field was measured in five experiments carried out over a period of 2 years in spring, summer, and winter. The rates of manure application were 34 and 200 metric tons/ha (15 and 90 tons/acre). Ammonia volatilization was determined after spreading by periodically measuring the total ammoniacal N (TAN) content of manure samples collected from the soil surface. Corrections were made for increase in ammoniacal N in the soil. Time spans of the experiments ranged from 5 to 25 days with total losses of NH3 ranging from 61 to 99% of the TAN content. Quantities of N volatilized as NH3 ranged from 17 to 316 kg N/ha depending on the application rate and TAN content of the manure. In the winter trial, NH3 volatilization was precluded by subfreezing temperatures, snow cover, and a rapid thaw which leached the ammoniacal N into the soil. In the other experiments, for a period of 5 to 7 days after spreading, rates of NH3 loss are represented by mean half-lives of 1.86 to 3.36 days, respectively, for the low and high rates of manure application. After the initial period of loss, the rate of NH3 volatilization slowed in most cases. The 34 metric tons/ha manure application dried more rapidly because of its thinner ground cover, which increased the rate of NH3 loss from the manure. Volatilization of NH3 was optimum under sustained drying conditions. Effects of drying on the manure in relation to the chemistry of NH3 in aqueous solution in the manure aided in understanding the process of NH3 volatilization from the manure.
Key Words: nitrogen management • land application • manure disposal • dairy waste • aqueous ammonia chemistry
1 Contribution from Dep. of Agronomy, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. Agronomy Paper No. 1136.
2 Research Associate, Professor, and Research Associate of Agronomy, respectively. Senior author is presently an Assistant Professor of Soils at Univ. of Georgia, Coastal Plain Exp. Sta., Tifton, GA 31794.
Received for publication May 15, 1975.
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