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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in an Eastern Corn Belt Soil: Weather, Nitrogen Source, and Rotation

^a USDA-ARS, National Soil Tilth Lab., Ames, IA 50011-3120
^b Dep. of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
^c USDA-ARS, National Soil Erosion Research Lab., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054. Products and company names are necessary to report factually on available data; USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product or company, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product or company to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable

^* Corresponding author (sbrouder{at}purdue.edu).

Received for publication October 25, 2007. Relative contributions of diverse, managed ecosystems to greenhouse gases are not completely documented. This study was conducted to estimate soil surface fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) as affected by management practices and weather. Gas fluxes were measured by vented, static chambers in Drummer and Raub soil series during two growing seasons. Treatments evaluated were corn cropped continuously (CC) or in rotation with soybean (CS) and fertilized with in-season urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) or liquid swine manure applied in the spring (SM) or fall (FM). Soybean (SC) rotated with CS and restored prairie grass (PG) were also included. The CO₂ fluxes correlated (P 0.001) with soil temperature (: 0.74) and accumulated rainfall 120 h before sampling (: 0.53); N₂O fluxes correlated with soil temperature (: 0.34). Seasonal CO₂–C emissions were not different across treatments (4.4 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1) but differed between years. Manured soils were net seasonal CH₄–C emitters (0.159–0.329 kg ha^–1 yr^–1), whereas CSUAN and CCUAN exhibited CH₄–C uptake (–0.128 and –0.177 kg ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively). Treatments significantly influenced seasonal N₂O–N emissions (P < 0.001) and ranged from <1.0 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 in PG and SC to between 3 and 5 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 in CCFM and CSUAN and >8 kg ha^–1 yr^–1 in CCSM; differences were driven by pulse emissions after N fertilization in concurrence with major rainfall events. These results suggest fall manure application, corn–soybean rotation, and restoration of prairies may diminish N₂O emissions and hence contribute to global warming mitigation.

Abbreviations: CC, continuous corn • CS, corn phase of corn–soybean rotation • CSR, average of the two phases of the corn–soybean rotation • DAST, daily average soil temperature • DFgas, daily gas flux estimate • Dev Fgas, midday gas flux deviation from a mean • FCH₄, methane flux • FCO₂, CO₂ flux • Fgas, midday gas flux • FM, fall liquid swine manure • FN₂O, nitrous oxide flux • GHG, greenhouse gases • PG, restored prairie grass • RM ANCOVA, repeated measures analysis of covariance • SC, soybean phase of corn–soybean rotation • SM, spring liquid swine manure • ST, soil temperature • UAN, urea-ammonium nitrate

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