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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Waste Management

Recovery of Salmonella from Bermudagrass Exposed to Simulated Wastewater

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762. Journal article no. J–11238 of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. This work was prepared by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties and is in the public domain and may be used without permission

^* Corresponding author (mike.mclaughlin{at}ars.usda.gov).

Received for publication January 11, 2008. Most confined swine (Sus scrofa) feeding operations in the southeastern United States hold manure in lagoons and apply effluent on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] as fertilizer. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ex Kauffman and Edwards) Le Minor and Popoff, has been reported in Mississippi lagoons, but levels and potential for contamination of bermudagrass were unknown. A laboratory method was developed to examine Salmonella contamination of bermudagrass and levels of Salmonella were determined in lagoons. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) worst case water was used to simulate effluent in exposing bermudagrass to Salmonella. Exposed leaves were washed and bacteria enumerated. Contamination of leaves exposed to 10⁶ cfu mL^–1 varied from 0 to 10⁴ cfu per leaf within and among eight bermudagrass cultivars and five Salmonella isolates. No differences (P < 0.05) occurred between cultivars (n = 20) or isolates (n = 10). Data fitted (R² = 0.93) to a contamination equation (y = 5 x 10^–6x^6.623) described the relationship between levels (Log₁₀ cfu mL^–1) of exposure (x) and contamination (y). In fall 2007 Salmonella levels from six lagoons ranged from 1.9 to 2.8 log₁₀ MPN 100 mL^–1 and were below the threshold for contamination predicted by the equation. These preliminary results must be tested with effluents in the field, but considered alongside work of others, which report lagoon Salmonella levels to be highest in fall, suggest that Salmonella levels in effluents from these lagoons may be too low to produce measurable contamination on bermudagrass.

Abbreviations: ATCC, American Type Culture Collection • cfu, colony forming unit • EPA, (US) Environmental Protection Agency • ISO, International Organization for Standardization • MPN, most probable number • PCR, polymerase chain reaction

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				M. R. McLaughlin, J. P. Brooks, and A. Adeli Characterization of Selected Nutrients and Bacteria from Anaerobic Swine Manure Lagoons on Sow, Nursery, and Finisher Farms in the Mid-South USA J. Environ. Qual., October 29, 2009; 38(6): 2422 - 2430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Brooks and M. R. McLaughlin Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Profiles of Anaerobic Swine Lagoon Effluent J. Environ. Qual., October 29, 2009; 38(6): 2431 - 2437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]