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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Waste Management

Phosphorus Movement and Speciation in a Sandy Soil Profile after Long-Term Animal Manure Applications

^a Dep. of Soil Quality, Wageningen Univ., Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre (WUR), P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC, Wageningen, the Netherlands
^b Alterra, WUR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
^c AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand

^* Corresponding author (gerwin.koopmans{at}wur.nl)

Received for publication April 5, 2006. Long-term application of phosphorus (P) with animal manure in amounts exceeding removal with crops leads to buildup of P in soil and to increasing risk of P loss to surface water and eutrophication. In most manures, the majority of P is held within inorganic forms, but in soil leachates organic P forms often dominate. We investigated the mobility of both inorganic and organic P in profile samples from a noncalcareous sandy soil treated for 11 yr with excessive amounts of pig slurry, poultry manure, or poultry manure mixed with litter. Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize NaOH-EDTA-extractable forms of P, corresponding to 64 to 93% of the total P concentration in soil. Orthophosphate and orthophosphate monoesters were the main P forms detected in the NaOH-EDTA extracts. A strong accumulation of orthophosphate monoesters was found in the upper layers of the manure-treated soils. For orthophosphate, however, increased concentrations were found down to the 40- to 50-cm soil layers, indicating a strong downward movement of this P form. This was ascribed to the strong retention of orthophosphate monoesters by the solid phase of the soil, preventing orthophosphate sorption and facilitating downward movement of orthophosphate. Alternatively, mineralization of organic P in the upper layers of the manure-treated soils may have generated orthophosphate, which could have contributed to the downward movement of the latter. Leaching of inorganic P should thus be considered for the assessment and the future management of the long-term risk of P loss from soils receiving large amounts of manure.

Abbreviations: , molar ratio of P to the sum of Al and Fe extractable by acid ammonium oxalate • EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid • MDP, methylenediphosphonic acid trisodium salt tetrahydrate • NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance • PM, poultry manure • PML, poultry manure mixed with litter • PS, pig slurry • P_w, water-extractable phosphorus

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