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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Vadose Zone Processes and Chemical Transport

Surface Runoff and Transport of Sulfonamide Antibiotics and Tracers on Manured Grassland

^a Department of Water and Agriculture, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
^b Department of Environment and Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
^c Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), 3003 Bern, Switzerland

^* Corresponding author (christian.stamm{at}eawag.ch)

Received for publication July 9, 2004. Despite their common use in animal production the environmental fate of the veterinary sulfonamide antibiotics after excretion is only poorly understood. We performed irrigation experiments to investigate the transport of these substances with surface runoff on grassland. Liquid manure from pigs treated with sulfadimidine was spiked with sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and the conservative tracer bromide and spread onto eight plots. Four plots received the same amounts of the spiked substances in aqueous solution (controls). Apart from the application matrix we varied the time between application and irrigation. Manure increased the runoff volume up to six times compared with the controls. It seemed that manure enhanced the runoff by sealing the soil surface. On manured plots the relative antibiotic concentrations in runoff were higher than on the controls, reaching an average of 0.3% (sulfadiazine), 0.8% (sulfathiazole), and 1.4% (sulfadimidine) of the input concentrations after a 1-d contact time. The corresponding values on the controls were 0.16% for sulfadiazine and 0.08% for sulfathiazole. After 3 d, the maximum values on the manured plots were even higher, whereas they had fallen below the limit of quantification on the controls. As a consequence, the sulfonamide losses were 10 to 40 times larger on the manured plots. The relative mobility of the sulfonamides on the control plots followed the trend expected from their chromatographic separation but the opposite was found on the manured plots. Hence it is important to consider explicitly the physical and chemical effects of manure when assessing the environmental fate of sulfonamides.

Abbreviations: ATR, atrazine • EC, electrical conductivity • LOD, limit of detection • LOQ, limit of quantification • SA, sulfonamide antibiotic(s) • SDM, sulfadimidine • SDZ, sulfadiazine • STZ, sulfathiazole

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