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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Surface Water Quality

Phosphorus Concentrations in Overland Flow from Diverse Locations on a New York Dairy Farm

^a Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
^b USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Research Management Unit, Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16875

^* Corresponding author (Dean_Hively{at}post.harvard.edu)

Received for publication March 21, 2004. The National Phosphorus Project rainfall simulator was used to quantify overland flow and P transport from nine sites distributed throughout the watershed of a New York City Watershed Agriculture Program collaborating dairy farm. Observed concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were low (0.007–0.12 mg L^–1) in flow from deciduous forest, extensively managed pasture, and hillside seeps; moderate (0.18–0.64 mg L^–1) in flow from intensively managed pastures, a hayfield, and a cow path; and extremely high (11.6 mg L^–1) in flow from a manured barnyard. Concentrations of TDP from sites without fresh manure were strongly correlated with soil test P (TDP [mg L^–1] = 0.0056 + 0.0180 x Morgan's soil test phosphorus [STP, mg kg^–1]; R² = 84%). Observed concentrations of suspended solids were low (16–137 mg L^–1) in flow from vegetated sites, but were higher (375–615 mg L^–1) in flow from sites with little ground cover (barnyard, cow path, plowed field). Under dry summer conditions the time to observed overland flow was shorter (<18 min) for nonfield areas (seeps, barnyard, cow path) than for field and forest areas (27–93 min), indicating that hydrologically active nonfield areas of minor spatial extent but with high soil P (e.g., cow paths and barnyards) can play a significant role in summertime P loading. When soils started from field capacity (second-day) time to overland flow was uniformly less than 23 min, indicating that under wet watershed conditions low-P source areas can dilute overland flow from concentrated sources.

Abbreviations: GRN, north intensively grazed pasture • GRS, south intensively grazed pasture • HAY, recently cut hayfield • HYD, heifer barnyard • PAS, extensively grazed heifer pasture • PP, particulate phosphorus • PTH, heifer cow path • SHP, spring area in extensively grazed heifer pasture • SMZ, spring area in plowed maize field • STP, soil test phosphorus • TDP, total dissolved phosphorus • TSS, total suspended solids

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JEQ 2005 34: v. [Full Text]  

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