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Radioactive Materials in Biosolids

National Survey, Dose Modeling, and Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Guidance

^a USEPA, Office of Wastewater Management (4204M), Room 7220B EPA EAST, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460
^b U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585
^c U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NMSS, Washington, DC 20555-0001
^d U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, OSTP, Washington, DC 20555-0001
^e U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, RES, Washington, DC 20555-0001
^f USEPA, Office of Research & Development (8623D), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460
^g USEPA, Office of Radiation & Indoor Air (6608J), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460
^h USEPA, Office of Radiation & Indoor Air (6608J), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460
ⁱ Argonne National Labs, EA Division, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439
^j New Jersey Department of Environmental Radiation, Bureau of Environmental Radiation, P.O. Box 415, Trenton, NJ 08625-0415
^k NE Ohio Regional Sewer District, 3826 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115-2504

^* Corresponding author (bastian.robert{at}epa.gov)

Received for publication March 1, 2004. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) announced the availability of three new documents concerning radioactive materials in sewage sludge and ash from publicly owned treatment works (POTW). One of the documents is a report presenting the results of a volunteer survey of sewage sludge and ash samples provided by 313 POTWs. The second document is a dose modeling document, using multiple exposure pathway modeling focused on a series of generic scenarios, to track possible exposure of POTW workers and members of the general public to radioactivity from the sewage sludge or ash. The third document is a guidance report providing recommendations on the management of radioactivity in sewage sludge and ash for POTW owners and operators. This paper explains how radioactive materials enter POTWs, provides criteria for evaluating levels of radioactive material in sludge and ash, and gives a summary of the results of the survey and dose modeling efforts.

Abbreviations: DOE, Department of Energy • ISCORS, Interagency Steering Committee on Radiation Standards • NORM, naturally occurring radioactive material • NRC, Nuclear Regulatory Commission • POTW, publicly owned treatment works • RESRAD, RESidual RADiation, family of computer code for evaluating radioactivity contamination • TENORM, technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material

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