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a Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
b USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701
c USDA-NRCS, National Water Management Center, Little Rock, AR 72203
d USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
* Corresponding author (pdelaun{at}uark.edu)
Currently, several state and federal agencies are proposing upper limits on soil test phosphorus (P), above which animal manures cannot be applied, based on the assumption that high P concentrations in runoff are due to high soil test P. Recent studies show that other factors are more indicative of P concentrations in runoff from areas where manure is being applied. The original P index was developed as an alternative P management tool incorporating factors affecting both the source and transport of P. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of multiple variables on P concentrations in runoff water and to construct a P source component of a P index for pastures that incorporates these effects. The evaluated variables were: (i) soil test P, (ii) soluble P in poultry litter, (iii) P in poultry diets, (iv) fertilizer type, and (v) poultry litter application rate. Field studies with simulated rainfall showed that P runoff was affected by the amount of soluble P applied in the fertilizer source. Before manure applications, soil test P was directly related to soluble P concentrations in runoff water. However, soil test P had little effect on P runoff after animal manure was applied. Unlike most other P indices, weighting factors of the P source components in the P index for pastures are based on results from runoff studies conducted under various management scenarios. As a result, weighting factors for the P source potential variables are well justified. A modification of the P index using scientific data should strengthen the ability of the P index concept to evaluate locations and management alternatives for P losses.
Abbreviations: HAP, high available phosphorus • SRP, soluble reactive phosphorus • TP, total phosphorus • TSP, triple superphosphate
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