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TECHNICAL REPORTS

Surface Water Quality

Runoff Phosphorus Losses as Related to Phosphorus Source, Application Method, and Application Rate on a Piedmont Soil

^a Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, West Central Research and Extension Center, 461 West University Drive, North Platte, NE 69101
^b Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7619, Raleigh, NC 27695

^* Corresponding author (dtarkalson2{at}unl.edu).

Received for publication May 20, 2003. Land application of animal manures and fertilizers has resulted in an increased potential for excessive P losses in runoff to nutrient-sensitive surface waters. The purpose of this research was to measure P losses in runoff from a bare Piedmont soil in the southeastern United States receiving broiler litter or inorganic P fertilizer either incorporated or surface-applied at varying P application rates (inorganic P, 0–110 kg P ha^–1; broiler litter, 0–82 kg P ha^–1). Rainfall simulation was applied at a rate of 76 mm h^–1. Runoff samples were collected at 5-min intervals for 30 min and analyzed for reactive phosphorus (RP), algal-available phosphorus (AAP), and total phosphorus (TP). Incorporation of both P sources resulted in P losses not significantly different than the unfertilized control at all application rates. Incorporation of broiler litter decreased flow-weighted concentration of RP in runoff by 97% and mass loss of TP in runoff by 88% compared with surface application. Surface application of broiler litter resulted in runoff containing between 2.3 and 21.8 mg RP L^–1 for application rates of 8 to 82 kg P ha^–1, respectively. Mass loss of TP in runoff from surface-applied broiler litter ranged from 1.3 to 8.5 kg P ha^–1 over the same application rates. Flow-weighted concentrations of RP and mass losses of TP in runoff were not related to application rate when inorganic P fertilizer was applied to the soil surface. Results for this study can be used by P loss assessment tools to fine-tune P source, application rate, and application method site factors, and to estimate extreme-case P loss from cropland receiving broiler litter and inorganic P fertilizers.

Abbreviations: AAP, algal-available phosphorus • RP, reactive phosphorus • STP, soil test phosphorus • TP, total phosphorus

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