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TECHNICAL REPORT

Organic Compounds in the Environment

Effects of Environmental Factors on 1,3-Dichloropropene Hydrolysis in Water and Soil

^a Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521
^b USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab., 450 W. Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507

^* Corresponding author (mingxin.guo{at}ucr.edu).

Received for publication January 31, 2003. Hydrolysis is the major pathway for fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) degradation in water and soil, yet the process is not well understood. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various environmental factors on the rate of 1,3-D hydrolysis. Cis-, trans-1,3-D and their isomeric mixture were spiked into water and Arlington soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralfs) and incubated under different conditions. The rate of 1,3-D hydrolysis in water and soil were evaluated based on its residual amount and Cl^– release, respectively. 1,3-D hydrolyzed rapidly in deionized water, with a half-life of 9.8 d at 20°C. The hydrolysis was pH dependent, with low pH inhibiting and high pH favoring the reaction. Other factors such as isomeric differences, photo irradiation, suspended particles, and small amounts of co-solutes had little effect on the reaction. In soil, 1,3-D hydrolyzed following pseudo first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis rate constant increased with soil moisture content and decreased with the initial 1,3-D concentration. At 20°C, >60% of the 1,3-D applied at <0.61 g kg^–1 in 10% moisturized soil hydrolyzed within 30 d. The soil particle size and mineralogy had little effect on the reaction rate. Organic matter promoted 1,3-D degradation via direct substitution reactions, and the trans-isomer showed preference over the cis- to react with certain organic molecules. Microbial contributions were initially insignificant, and became important as soil microorganisms adapted to the fumigant. The results suggest that to accelerate 1,3-D degradation, pH, soil moisture, and organic amendment should be considered.

Abbreviations: 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene • DOM, dissolved organic matter • IC, ion chromatography • OC, organic carbon • UV, ultraviolet

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