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TECHNICAL REPORT

Heavy Metals in the Environment

In Situ Soil Treatments to Reduce the Phyto- and Bioavailability of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium

^a College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
^b USDA-ARS, Animal Manure and By-Products Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
^c USDA-ARS HNRS, Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
^d DuPont Central Research and Development, Newark, DE 19702

^* Corresponding author (slb{at}u.washington.edu).

Received for publication February 20, 2003. A study was established near a former Zn and Pb smelter to test the ability of soil amendments to reduce the availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd in situ. Soil collected from the field was amended in the lab with P added as 1% P-H₃PO₄, biosolids compost added at 10% (referred to hereafter as "compost"), and a high-Fe by-product (referred to hereafter as "Fe") + P-triple superphosphate (TSP) (2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP) and incubated under laboratory conditions at a constant soil pH. Changes in Pb bioavailability were measured with an in vitro test and a feeding study with weanling rats. Field-amended and incubated soils using these plus additional treatments were evaluated using the in vitro extraction and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Kentucky-31) metal concentration. Reductions were observed across all parameters but were not consistent. In the feeding study, the 1% P-H₃PO₄ and compost treatments resulted in a decrease of 26% in rat tissue Pb concentration compared with the control soil. The 2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP showed a 39% decrease. The 1% P-H₃PO₄ treatment caused the greatest reduction in in vitro extractable Pb from field samples (pH 2.2) with a measured reduction of 66%, while the compost treatment had a 39% reduction and the 2.5% Fe + 1% P-TSP treatment a 50% reduction. The in vitro extraction (pH 1.5) run on field samples showed no reduction in the compost or Fe treatments. The 1% P-H₃PO₄ treatment was the most effective at reducing plant Pb, Zn, and Cd.

Abbreviations: TSP, triple superphosphate

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