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USDA Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
* Corresponding author (zhe{at}maine.edu).
Received for publication January 15, 2003. Organic phosphorus (Po) exists in many chemical forms that differ in their susceptibility to hydrolysis and, therefore, bioavailability to plants and microorganisms. Identification and quantification of these forms may significantly contribute to effective agricultural P management. Phosphatases catalyze reactions that release orthophosphate (Pi) from Po compounds. Alkaline phosphatase in tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.0), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytase in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0), and nuclease P1 in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) can be used to classify and quantify Po in animal manure. Background error associated with different pH and buffer systems is observed. In this study, we improved the enzymatic hydrolysis approach and tested its applicability for investigating Po in soils, recognizing that soil and manure differ in numerous physicochemical properties. We applied (i) acid phosphatase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), (ii) acid phosphatases from both potato and wheat germ, and (iii) both enzymes plus nuclease P1 to identify and quantify simple labile monoester P, phytate (myo-inositol hexakis phosphate)-like P, and DNA-like P, respectively, in a single pH/buffer system (100 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0). This hydrolysis procedure released Po in sequentially extracted H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH fractions of swine (Sus scrofa) manure, and of three sandy loam soils. Further refinement of the approach may provide a universal tool for evaluating hydrolyzable Po from a wide range of sources.
Abbreviations: CSc, Caribou soil with conventional cultivation history • CSm, Caribou soil with manure application history • GP, acid phosphatase (Type I from wheat germ) • NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance • NP, nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum • NS, Newport soil • Pi, inorganic phosphorus • Po, organic phosphorus • PP, acid phosphatase (Type IV-S from potato) • SM, swine manure • WP, phytase from wheat
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