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a Natural Resources Canada, CANMET, 555 Booth Street, Office 332A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0G1
b Department of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Box 7619, 3235 Williams Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-7619
c National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
d Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 588 Booth Street, 4th floor, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0Y7
e Soil Science Department, University of Manitoba, 362 Ellis Building, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
f Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Box 8202, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202
* Corresponding author (sbeauche{at}nrcan.gc.ca).
Received for publication November 6, 2002. Knowledge of phosphorus (P) species in P-rich soils is useful for assessing P mobility and potential transfer to ground water and surface waters. Soil P was studied using synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (a nondestructive chemical-speciation technique) and sequential chemical fractionation. The objective was to determine the chemical speciation of P in long-term-fertilized, P-rich soils differing in pH, clay, and organic matter contents. Samples of three slightly acidic (pH 5.5–6.2) and two slightly alkaline (pH 7.4–7.6) soils were collected from A or B horizons in two distinct agrosystems in the province of Québec, Canada. The soils contained between 800 and 2100 mg total P kg-1. Distinct XANES features for Ca-phosphate mineral standards and for standards of adsorbed phosphate made it possible to differentiate these forms of P in the soil samples. The XANES results indicated that phosphate adsorbed on Fe- or Al-oxide minerals was present in all soils, with a higher proportion in acidic than in slightly alkaline samples. Calcium phosphate also occurred in all soils, regardless of pH. In agreement with chemical fractionation results, XANES data showed that Ca-phosphates were the dominant P forms in one acidic (pH 5.5) and in the two slightly alkaline (pH 7.4–7.6) soil samples. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy directly identified certain forms of soil P, while chemical fractionation provided indirect supporting data and gave insights on additional forms of P such as organic pools that were not accounted for by the XANES analyses.
Abbreviations: Alox and Feox, ammonium oxalate–extractable aluminum or iron • HCl-P, phosphorus extracted with 1 M HCl • IHP, inositol hexametaphosphate • LCF, linear combination fitting • M3P, Mehlich III–extractable phosphorus • NaOH-P, phosphorus extracted with 0.1 M NaOH • PCA, principal component analysis • Pi, inorganic phosphorus • Po, organic phosphorus • Pt, total soil phosphorus • XANES, X-ray absorption near-edge structure
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