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a Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1299
b School of Agriculture, 808 Pioneer Tower, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI 53818-3099
* Corresponding author (andraski{at}wisc.edu).
Received for publication July 1, 2002. Manure additions to cropland can reduce total P losses in runoff on well-drained soils due to increased infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Surface residue management in subsequent years may influence the long-term risk of P losses as the manure-supplied organic matter decomposes. The effects of manure history and long-term (8-yr) tillage [chisel plow (CP) and no-till (NT)] on P levels in runoff in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) were investigated on well-drained silt loam soils of southern and southwestern Wisconsin. Soil P levels (0–15 cm) increased with the frequency of manure applications and P stratification was greater near the surface (0–5 cm) in NT than CP. In CP, soil test P level was linearly related to dissolved P (24–105 g ha-1) and bioavailable P (64–272 g ha-1) loads in runoff, but not total P (653–1893 g ha-1). In NT, P loads were reduced by an average of 57% for dissolved P, 70% for bioavailable P, and 91% for total P compared with CP. This reduction was due to lower sediment concentrations and/or lower runoff volumes in NT. There was no relationship between soil test P levels and runoff P concentrations or loads in NT. Long-term manure P applications in excess of P removal by corn in CP systems ultimately increased the potential for greater dissolved and bioavailable P losses in runoff by increasing soil P levels. Maintaining high surface residue cover such as those found in long-term NT corn production systems can mitigate this risk in addition to reducing sediment and particulate P losses.
Abbreviations: BAP, bioavailable phosphorus • CP-, long-term chisel plow without a manure history, CP+, long-term chisel plow with a manure history • DP, dissolved phosphorus • NT-, long-term no-till without a manure history • NT+, long-term no-till with a manure history • TP, total phosphorus
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