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TECHNICAL REPORTS
Waste Management

Efficacy of Alum and Coal Combustion By-Products in Stabilizing Manure Phosphorus

^a Center for Animal Health and Productivity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348
^b Soil Science Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
^c USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Laboratory, Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16802

^* Corresponding author (dou{at}cahp.vet.upenn.edu)

Received for publication July 12, 2002. Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg^-1 manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg^-1 for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg^-1. Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (P_i) with little change in organic phosphorus (P_o). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H₂O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO₃-P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications.

Abbreviations: ANT, anthracite refuse fly ash • FBC, fluidized bed combustion fly ash • FGD, flue gas desulfurization by-product • P_i, inorganic phosphorus • P_o, organic phosphorus • P_t, total phosphorus in extract • TP, total phosphorus in acid digest

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