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TECHNICAL REPORTS
Heavy Metals in the Environment

Metal Bioavailability and Speciation in a Wetland Tailings Repository Amended with Biosolids Compost, Wood Ash, and Sulfate

^a College of Forest Resources, Box 352100, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2100
^b National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
^c Dep. of Soil Science, Box 7619, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7619

^* Corresponding author (slb{at}u.washington.edu)

Received for publication December 20, 2001. Lead poisoning of waterfowl from direct ingestion of wetland mine tailings has been reported at the Coeur d'Alene River basin in Idaho. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of surface applications of amendments on lead bioavailability in the tailings. Treatments included sediment only, and sediment with three different surface amendments: (i) biosolids compost plus wood ash, (ii) compost + wood ash + a low SO^2-₄ addition as K₂SO₄, and (iii) compost + wood ash + a high SO^2-₄ addition. Measured variables included growth and tissue Pb, Zn, and Cd concentration of arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia Willd.) and cattail (Typha latifolia L.) and soil pH, redox potential (E_h), pore water Pb, Pb speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and in vitro Pb bioavailability. The compost + ash amendment alleviated phytotoxicity for both plant species. Bioavailability of Pb as measured by a rapid in vitro extract decreased by 24 to 34% (over control) in the tailings directly below the amendment layer in the compost + SO₄ treatments. The ratio of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) to simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) also indicated a reduction in Pb bioavailability (1:40 control, 1:20 compost, 1:8 compost + low SO₄, and 1:3 compost + high SO₄). Extended X-ray adsorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy data indicated that lead sulfide was greater after 99 d in the treatments that included additions of sulfate. These results indicated that, under reducing conditions, surface amendments of compost + wood ash (with or without sulfate) decreased the bioavailability of Pb in metal-contaminated mine tailings.

Abbreviations: AVS, acid volatile sulfide • E_h, redox potential • EXAFS, extended X-ray adsorption fine structure • NP, north plot • SEM, simultaneously extracted metals • SP, south plot • XANES, X-ray absorption near edge structure

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