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Journal of Environmental Quality 31:1349-1361 (2002)
© 2002 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America

TECHNICAL REPORTS
Waste Management

Phosphorus Forms in Biosolids-Amended Soils and Losses in Runoff

Effects of Wastewater Treatment Process

Chad J. Penn* and J. Thomas Sims*

Department of Plant and Soil Sci., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303

* Corresponding authors (chpenn{at}vt.edu, jtsims{at}udel.edu)

Received for publication September 4, 2001. Continuous addition of municipal biosolids to soils based on plant nitrogen (N) requirements can cause buildup of soil phosphorus (P) in excess of crop requirements; runoff from these soils can potentially contribute to nonpoint P pollution of surface waters. However, because biosolids are often produced using lime and/or metal salts, the potential for biosolids P to cause runoff P losses can vary with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) process. This study was conducted to determine the effect of wastewater treatment process on the forms and amounts of P in biosolids, biosolids-amended soils, and in runoff from biosolids-amended soils. We amended two soil types with eight biosolids and a poultry litter (PL) at equal rates of total P (200 kg ha-1); unamended soils were used as controls. All biosolids and amended soils were analyzed for various types of extractable P, inorganic P fractions, and the degree of P saturation (acid ammonium oxalate method). Amended soils were placed under a simulated rainfall and all runoff was collected and analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), iron-oxide-coated filter paper strip–extractable phosphorus (FeO-P), and total phosphorus (EPA3050 P). Results showed that biosolids produced with a biological nutrient removal (BNR) process caused the highest increases in extractable soil P and runoff DRP. Alternatively, biosolids produced with iron only consistently had the lowest extractable P and caused the lowest increases in extractable soil P and runoff DRP when added to soils. Differences in soil and biosolids extractable P levels as well as P runoff losses were related to the inorganic P forms of the biosolids.

Abbreviations: Alox, Feox, and Pox, oxalate-extractable aluminum, iron, and phosphorus, respectively • Al-P, Ca-P, and Fe-P, aluminum-, calcium-, and iron-related phosphorus, respectively • BNR, biological nutrient removal • DPS, degree of phosphorus saturation • DRP, dissolved reactive phosphorus • EPA3050 P, total phosphorus analyzed by the USEPA 3050 acid–peroxide digestion method • FeO-P, iron-oxide-coated filter paper strip–extractable phosphorus • ICP–AES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy • LS-P, loosely soluble phosphorus • M1-P, Mehlich-1 phosphorus • M3-P, Mehlich-3 phosphorus • PL, poultry litter • RS-P, reductant-soluble phosphorus • STP, soil test phosphorus • WSP, water-soluble phosphorus • WWTP, wastewater treatment plant




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