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TECHNICAL REPORTS
Heavy Metals in the Environment

Metal Immobilization in Soils Using Synthetic Zeolites

Leonard A. Oste, Theo M. Lexmond and Willem H. Van Riemsdijk^*

Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen Univ., P.O. Box 8005, 6700 EC Wageningen, the Netherlands

* Corresponding author (willem.vanriemsdijk{at}bodsch.benp.wau.nl)

Received for publication March 28, 2001. In situ immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils is a technique to improve soil quality. Synthetic zeolites are potentially useful additives to bind heavy metals. This study selected the most effective zeolite in cadmium and zinc binding out of six synthetic zeolites (mordenite-type, faujasite-type, zeolite X, zeolite P, and two zeolites A) and one natural zeolite (clinoptilolite). Zeolite A appeared to have the highest binding capacity between pH 5 and 6.5 and was stable above pH 5.5. The second objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zeolite addition on the dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration. Since zeolites increase soil pH and bind Ca, their application might lead to dispersion of organic matter. In a batch experiment, the DOM concentration increased by a factor of 5 when the pH increased from 6 to 8 as a result of zeolite A addition. A strong increase in DOM was also found in the leachate of soil columns, particularly in the beginning of the experiment. This resulted in higher metal leaching caused by metal–DOM complexes. In contrast, the free ionic concentration of Cd and Zn strongly decreased after the addition of zeolites, which might explain the reduction in metal uptake observed in plant growth experiments. Pretreatment of zeolites with acid (to prevent a pH increase) or Ca (to coagulate organic matter) suppressed the dispersion of organic matter, but also decreased the metal binding capacity of the zeolites due to competition of protons or Ca.

Abbreviations: CA, cyclonic ashes (formerly called beringite) • DOC, dissolved organic carbon • DOM, dissolved organic matter • ICP–OES, inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry