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TECHNICAL REPORT
Vadose Zone Processes and Chemical Transport

Phosphorus Exchangeability and Leaching Losses from Two Grassland Soils

^a Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Postfach 185, CH-8315, Eschikon-Lindau, Switzerland
^b Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETHZ, Grabenstr. 3, CH-8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
^c Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand

* Corresponding author (sokrat.sinaj{at}ipw.agrl.ethz.ch)

Received for publication February 23, 2001. Although phosphate phosphorus (P) is strongly sorbed in many soils, it may be quickly transported through the soil by preferential flow. Under flood irrigation, preferential flow is especially pronounced and associated solute losses may be important. Phosphorus losses induced by flood irrigation were investigated in a lysimeter study. Detailed soil chemical analyses revealed that P was very mobile in the topsoil, but the higher P-fixing capacity of the subsoil appeared to restrict P mobility. Application of a dye tracer enabled preferential flow pathways to be identified. Soil sampling according to dye staining patterns revealed that exchangeable P was significantly greater in preferential flow areas as compared with the unstained soil matrix. This could be partly attributed to the accumulation of organic carbon and P, together with enhanced leaching of Al- and Fe-oxides in the preferential flow areas, which resulted in reduced P sorption. The irrigation water caused a rapid hydrologic response by displacement of resident water from the subsoil. Despite the occurrence of preferential flow, most of the outflowing water was resident soil water and very low in P. In these soils the occurrence of preferential flow per se is not sufficient to cause large P losses even if the topsoil is rich in P. It appears that the P was retained in lower parts of the soil profile characterized by a very high P-fixing capacity. This study demonstrates the risks associated with assessing potential P losses on the basis of P mobility in the topsoil alone.

Abbreviations: C_P, concentration of phosphorus in a soil water extract • DPS, degree of phosphorus saturation • E_1min, phosphorus isotopically exchangeable within one minute • L1 and L2, Lismore lysimeters • P_i, inorganic phosphorus • P_o, organic phosphorus • P_t, total phosphorus • R/r1, the ratio of total introduced radioactivity (R) to the radioactivity remaining in solution after one minute of isotopic exchange (r1) • T1 and T2, Templeton lysimeters • T_m, the mean residence time of phosphate ions in soil solution

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