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TECHNICAL REPORT
Surface Water Quality

Rapid Incidental Phosphorus Transfers from Grassland

^a Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK
^b Dep. of Geography, Univ. of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK

* Corresponding author (neil.preedy{at}bbsrc.ac.uk)

Received for publication October 19, 2000. In Britain, frequent rainfall means that there is a high potential for rapid, direct (incidental) losses of phosphorus (P) to occur after fertilizer or manure application. However, despite the known contribution of P to the eutrophication of water bodies in Britain, such incidental transfers have received little experimental attention. To rectify this, we used lysimeter plots (each 3 x 10 m) to investigate incidental transfers in a composite of overland and lateral subsurface flow (0–27 cm) following the application of different P sources. The treatments used were triple super phosphate (TSP), dairy slurry (Slurry), an equal mix of TSP plus slurry (TSP + Slurry), and no P (Zero P). The treatments were applied to wet soil at a rate of 29 kg ha^-1. In the following 169 h, 48.8 mm rainfall (intensity 3 mm h^-1) resulted in total phosphorus (TP) exports between 1.8 and 2.3 kg ha^-1. A single 4-h period (with overland flow) accounted for 33 to 46% of overall loads from the P-amended treatments. Concentrations in discharge from TSP + Slurry and TSP peaked at 11000 µg TP L^-1 (67–68% as reactive P < 0.45 µm [RP_<0.45]). Slurry peaked at 7000 µg TP L^-1, 66% as particulate TP (>0.45 µm) and 20% as RP_<0.45. Even in subsurface flow, concentrations exceeded 3000 µg TP L^-1 for all P-amended treatments. Incidental TP concentrations in plot discharge were up to 110-fold higher than those considered eutrophic in inland waters. We suggest that targeting short-term management decisions for P applications is the most immediately viable method to mitigate P loss and benefit the environment.

Abbreviations: Q, grand mean discharge for each sampling period • RP, molybdate reactive phosphorus • TP_unf, total phosphorus in unfiltered sample • TP_<0.45, total phosphorus filtered through a 0.45-µm filter • TP_>0.45, total phosphorus greater than 0.45 µm • UP, unreactive phosphorus, calculated as the difference of total phosphorus and molybdate reactive phosphorus

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