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TECHNICAL REPORT
Surface Water Quality

Tillage and Nutrient Source Effects on Surface and Subsurface Water Quality at Corn Planting

^a Resource 21, 7257 S. Tucson Way, Suite 200, Englewood, CO 80112
^b Dep. of Soil Water, and Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
^c USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164

Corresponding author (sgupta{at}soils.umn.edu)

Received for publication May 17, 2000. This study quantified the effects of tillage (moldboard plowing [MP], ridge tillage [RT]) and nutrient source (manure and commercial fertilizer [urea and triple superphosphate]) on sediment, NH₄+–N, NO^-₃–N, total P, particulate P, and soluble P losses in surface runoff and subsurface tile drainage from a clay loam soil. Treatment effects were evaluated using simulated rainfall immediately after corn (Zea mays L.) planting, the most vulnerable period for soil erosion and water quality degradation. Sediment, total P, soluble P, and NH⁺₄–N losses mainly occurred in surface runoff. The NO^-₃–N losses primarily occurred in subsurface tile drainage. In combined (surface and subsurface) flow, the MP treatment resulted in nearly two times greater sediment loss than RT (P < 0.01). Ridge tillage with urea lost at least 11 times more NH⁺₄–N than any other treatment (P < 0.01). Ridge tillage with manure also had the most total and soluble P losses of all treatments (P < 0.01). If all water quality parameters were equally important, then moldboard plow with manure would result in least water quality degradation of the combined flow followed by moldboard plow with urea or ridge tillage with urea (equivalent losses) and ridge tillage with manure. Tillage systems that do not incorporate surface residue and amendments appear to be more vulnerable to soluble nutrient losses mainly in surface runoff but also in subsurface drainage (due to macropore flow). Tillage systems that thoroughly mix residue and amendments in surface soil appear to be more prone to sediment and sediment-associated nutrient (particulate P) losses via surface runoff.

Abbreviations: FWMC, flow-weighted mean concentration • MP, moldboard plow • M, manure • RT, ridge till • U, urea

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