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TECHNICAL REPORT
Heavy Metals in the Environment

Accumulation, Distribution, and Toxicity of Copper in Sediments of Catfish Ponds Receiving Periodic Copper Sulfate Applications

^a Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS 39762
^b Dep. of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS 39762
^c Dep. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677

Corresponding author (jhargreaves{at}CFR.MsState.Edu)

Received for publication March 13, 2000. Copper sulfate (CuSO₄) is applied periodically to commercial channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds as an algicide or parasiticide. Current understanding of the chemistry of copper in soil–water systems suggests that copper may accumulate in pond sediments, although the forms and potential bioavailability of copper in catfish pond sediments are not known. This study investigated the accumulation and distribution of copper in the sediment of catfish ponds receiving periodic additions of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O. All ponds were constructed in Sharkey (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquert) soil. Nine 0.40-ha ponds received 59 applications of 2.27 kg CuSO₄ · 5H₂O per application per pond over 3 yr; no CuSO₄ · 5H₂O applications were made to nine additional ponds. Total Cu concentration in the sediments of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O-amended catfish ponds (172.5 mg kg^-1) was four to five times higher than that in the sediments of nonamended ponds (36.1 mg kg^-1). Copper accumulated in catfish pond sediments at a rate of 41 µg kg^-1 dry sediment for each 1 kg ha^-1 of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O applied to ponds. Copper in the sediments of amended ponds was mainly in the organic matter–bound (30.7%), carbonate-bound (31.8%), and amorphous iron oxide–bound (22.1%) fractions with a considerable fraction (3.4%; 3 to 8 mg kg^-1) in soluble and exchangeable fractions. This indicates that Cu accumulates differentially in various fractions, with proportionally greater initial accumulation in potentially bioavailable forms. However, toxicity bioassays with amphipods (Hyallela azteca) and common cattail (Typha latifolia L.) indicated that the effect of exposure to amended or nonamended pond sediments was not different.

Abbreviations: AmoFe, amorphous iron oxides • CARB, carbonate • CryFe, crystalline iron oxides • ERO, easily reducible oxides • EXC, exchangeable • OM, organic matter • RES, residual

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