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TECHNICAL REPORT
Surface Water Quality

Phosphorus Losses in Furrow Irrigation Runoff

USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab., 3793N 3600E, Kimberly, ID 83341

Corresponding author (dtw{at}kimberly.ars.pn.usbr.gov)

Received for publication July 5, 2000. Phosphorus (P) often limits the eutrophication of streams, rivers, and lakes receiving surface runoff. We evaluated the relationships among selected soil P availability indices and runoff P fractions where manure, whey, or commercial fertilizer applications had previously established a range of soil P availabilities on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) surface-irrigated with Snake River water. Water-soluble P, Olsen P (inorganic and organic P), and iron-oxide impregnated paper–extractable P (FeO-P_s) were determined on a 0.03-m soil sample taken from the bottom of each furrow before each irrigation in fall 1998 and spring 1999. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-µm filtered runoff sample, and iron-oxide impregnated paper–extractable P (FeO-P_w), total P, and sediment in an unfiltered runoff sample were determined at selected intervals during a 4-h irrigation on 18.3-m field plots. The 1998 and 1999 data sets were combined because there were no significant differences. Flow-weighted average runoff DRP and FeO-P_w concentrations increased linearly as all three soil P test concentrations increased. The average runoff total P concentration was not related to any soil P test but was linearly related to sediment concentration. Stepwise regression selected the independent variables of sediment, soil lime concentration, and soil organic P extracted by the Olsen method as related to average runoff total P concentration. The average runoff total P concentration was 1.08 mg L^-1 at a soil Olsen P concentration of 10 mg kg^-1. Soil erosion control will be necessary to reduce P losses in surface irrigation runoff.

Abbreviations: DRP, dissolved molybdate-reactive phosphorus in filtered (0.45 µm) runoff water • FeO-P_s, iron-oxide impregnated paper–extractable phosphorus from furrow soil • FeO-P_w, iron-oxide impregnated paper–extractable phosphorus from unfiltered runoff water • Fur-P_i, bicarbonate-extractable inorganic phosphorus from furrow soil • Fur-P_o, bicarbonate-extractable organic phosphorus from furrow soil • Olsen P, bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus • PSI, phosphorus sorption index • total P, phosphorus concentration in unfiltered runoff water after persulfate digestion • water P, water-extractable inorganic phosphorus from furrow soil

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