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Journal of Environmental Quality 30:508-520 (2001)
© 2001 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America

TECHNICAL REPORT
LANDSCAPE AND WATERSHED PROCESSES

Approximating Phosphorus Release from Soils to Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage

R.W. McDowell and A.N. Sharpley

USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, Curtin Road, Building 3702, University Park, PA 16802-3702

Corresponding author (ans3{at}psu.edu)

Received for publication May 22, 2000. Phosphorus application in excess of crop needs has increased the concentration of P in surface soil and runoff and led many states to develop P-based nutrient management strategies. However, insufficient data are available relating P in surface soil, surface runoff, and subsurface drainage to develop sound guidelines. Thus, we investigated P release from the surface (0–5 cm depth) of a Denbigh silt loam from Devon, U.K. (30–160 mg kg-1 Olsen P) and Alvin, Berks, Calvin, and Watson soils from Pennsylvania (10–763 mg kg-1 Mehlich-3 P) in relation to the concentration of P in surface runoff and subsurface drainage. A change point, where the slopes of two linear relationships between water- or CaCl2–extractable soil P and soil test phosphorus (STP) (Olsen or Mehlich-3) meet, was evident for the Denbigh at 33 to 36 mg kg-1 Olsen P, and the Alvin and Berks soils at 185 to 190 mg Mehlich-3 P kg-1. Similar change points were also observed when STP was related to the P concentration of surface runoff (185 mg kg-1) and subsurface drainage (193 mg kg-1). The use of water and CaCl2 extraction of surface soil is suggested to estimate surface runoff P (r2 of 0.92 for UK and 0.86 for PA soils) and subsurface drainage P (r2 of 0.82 for UK and 0.88 for PA soils), and to determine a change point in STP, which may be used in support of agricultural and environmental P management.

Abbreviations: CaCl2–P, 0.01 M CaCl2–extractable phosphorus • DPS, degree of phosphorus saturation (%) • DRP, dissolved reactive phosphorus • m1, slope of linear relationship between soil test phosphorus or degree of phosphorus saturation and phosphorus in drainage waters, surface runoff of 0.01 M CaCl2 for values of soil test phosphorus or degree of phosphorus less than the change point • m2, difference in slopes after change point compared with m1 • Q/I, quantity–intensity relationship • STP, soil test phosphorus




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