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TECHNICAL REPORT
SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Modeling Pollutant Release from a Surface Source during Rainfall Runoff

IIMI, CIMMYT, Apartado #370, P.O. Box 60326, Houston, TX 77205

Corresponding author (mtw5{at}cornell.edu)

Received for publication February 13, 2000. Though runoff from manure spread fields is recognized as an important mode of nonpoint-source pollution, there are no models that mechanistically describe transport from a field-spread manure–type source. A mechanistic, physically based model for pollutant release from a surface source, such as field-spread manure, was hypothesized, laboratory tested, and field-applied. The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential applicability of a mechanistic model to pollutant release from surface sources. The laboratory investigation used stable sources and a conservative "pollutant" (KCl) so that the dynamic effects of source dissolution and chemical transformations could be ignored and transport processes isolated. The field investigation used runoff and soluble reactive phosphorus (SP) data collected from a dairy-manure-spread field in the Cannonsville watershed in the Catskills region of New York State. The model predictions corroborated well with observations of runoff and pollutant delivery in both the laboratory and the field. "Pollutant" release from surface sources was generally predicted within 11% of laboratory KCl measurements and field SP observations. Laboratory flume runoff predictions with 15 and 26% errors for 25 and 15 mm h^-1 simulated rainfall intensity experiments, respectively, represented root mean square errors of less than 0.2 mL s^-1. A 26% error was calculated for overland flow predictions in the field, which translated into approximately a 39 mL s^-1 error. Results suggest that the hypothesized model satisfactorily represents the primary mechanisms in pollutant release from surface sources.

Abbreviations: , turbulent flow resistance parameter • A, source's horizontal cross-sectional area • c, pollutant concentration • c₀, initial pollutant concentration • D, diffusivity • h, height of overland flow • h_b, height of flow through pollutant source • H, total source height • i, rainfall intensity • J_b, solute uptake rate from bottom region of the source • K_s, saturated hydraulic conductivity • m, turbulent flow resistance parameter • M_b, cumulative mass release from bottom region • M_ud, cumulative diffusive mass release from upper region • M_uc, cumulative convective mass release from upper region • n, Manning's roughness coefficient source porosity • q, flow discharge per unit width • s, surface slope • SP, soluble reactive phosphorus • t, time • t_b, time to steady state horizontal flow through source • t_r, time to end of rain • t_s, time to steady state overland flow • u, flow velocity • v_b, volume of solution in the bottom region of the source • v_o, volume of water applied to the watershed until t_s • v'_o, back water volume • w, width of flow regime • x, distance from top of flow regime (watershed) • z, vertical distance

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