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Published in J Environ Qual 29:1095-1103 (2000)
© 2000 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA
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Crop Management and Corn Nitrogen Rate Effects on Nitrate Leaching

T. W. Andraski*, L. G. Bundy and K. R. Brye

Department of Soil Science, Univ. of Wisconsin, 1525 Observatory Dr., Madison, WI 53706-1299.

* Corresponding author (andraski{at}facstaff.wisc.edu).

ABSTRACT

Excess N use in crop production is often identified as a major contributor to NO3 enrichment of ground water. Little information is available to show the specific relationships between crop management systems and N fertilizer use on the amounts of NO3 lost by leaching. This study determined the effect of several cropping systems and N rates, providing a range of N availability to corn (Zea mays L.), on soil water NO3 concentrations and leaching below the root zone. Four cropping-manure management systems were established in 1993 and 1994 (8-site years) at Arlington, WI, on a Plano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Ammonium nitrate (0 to 204 kg N ha–1 in 34-kg increments) was broadcast at the time of corn planting. Economic optimum N rates (EONR) for corn ranged from 0 to 150 kg ha–1 depending on site-year. Soil water NO3 concentrations were determined for 18-mo using porous-cup samplers installed at a 120-cm depth in the 0 and 204 kg N ha–1 treatments. Nitrate N concentrations in the samplers increased as the amount of N applied in excess of the observed EONR increased. Predicted soil water NO3–N concentration at EONR was 18 mg L–1. Average NO3–N concentrations were <10 mg L–1 where fertilizer N rates were >50 kg N ha–1 below the EONR and >20 mg L–1 where fertilizer N rates were >50 kg N ha–1 above the EONR. Total NO3–N leaching estimates based on water budget data and soil water NO3 concentrations for the 18-mo study period ranged from 3 to 88 kg ha–1 depending on crop and manure management system, N fertilizer rate, amount of water drainage, and time of drainage event relative to treatment establishment. An end-of-season soil NO3 test appears to be capable of evaluating corn N management practices and indicating the amount of excess N fertilizer applied that may be leached from the root zone. These results illustrate the direct relationship between NO3 loss by leaching and N application rates that exceed crop needs.

NOTES

Research supported by the USDA-CSRS Water Quality Research Program (Agreement 92-34214-8168); the Wis. Fertilizer Research Fund; the Univ. of Wisconsin Nonpoint Pollution and Demonstration Project; and the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison through project no. 3449.

Received for publication July 2, 1999.


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