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Water Quality Impacts by Golf Courses

Environmental & Turf Services, Inc., 11141 Georgia Ave., Suite 208, Wheaton, MD 20902.

^* Corresponding author (etscohen{at}aol.com).

ABSTRACT

Interest in water quality impacts by golf courses has grown significantly since the late 1980s due mostly to the local permitting process. Results from permit-driven studies are frequently not published. Seventeen studies (36 golf courses) passed our review criteria and were incorporated into a detailed data review. A total of 16 587 data points from pesticide, metabolite, solvent, and NO₃ analyses of surface water and ground water were reviewed. There were approximately 90 organics analyzed in the surface water database and approximately 115 organics in the ground water database. Widespread and/or repeated water quality impacts by golf courses are not happening at the sites studied. None of the authors of the individual studies concluded that toxicologically significant impacts were observed, although HALs, MCLs, or MACs were occasionally exceeded. The individual pesticide database entries that exceeded HALs/MCLs for ground water and surface water were 0.07 and 0.29%, respectively. The percentages would be somewhat higher if they could be expressed in terms of samples collected rather than chemicals analyzed. The MCL (10 mg/L) for nitrate—nitrogen (NO₃—N) in surface water was not exceeded, and only 31/849 (3.6%) of the samples exceeded the MCL in ground water; however, most of the NO₃ MCL exceedances were apparently due to prior agricultural land use. There was a slight trend for detected pesticides to be more persistent and more mobile than pesticides that were not detected, but the trend was not statistically significant. There are major data gaps in this review, particularly in the midcontinent area.

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