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Fluxes of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and Methane in Grass Sod and Winter Wheat-Fallow Tillage Management

279 Plant Science, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583;
USDA-ARS, Post Box E, Fort Collins, CO 80522;
USDA-ARS, 116 Keim Hall, East Campus, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583;
Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Scottsbluff, NE 69361;
FAL, Braunschweig, Germany.

^* Corresponding author (jdoran{at}unlinfo.unl.edu).

ABSTRACT

Cropping and tillage management can increase atmospheric CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ concentrations, and contribute to global warming and destruction of the ozone layer. Fluxes of these gases in vented surface chambers, and water-filled pore space (WFPS) and temperature of survace soil were measured weekly from a long-term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation system under chemical (no-tillage) and mechanical tillage (noninversion subtillage at 7 to 10 cm or moldboard plowing to 15 cm) follow management and compared with those from "native" grass sod at Sidney, NE, from March 1993 to July 1995. Cropping, tillage, within-field location, time of year, soil temperature, and WFPS influenced net greenhouse gas fluxes. Mean annual interrow CO₂ emissions from wheat-fallow ranged from 6.9 to 20.1 kg C ha^–1 d^–1 and generally increased with intensity and degree of tillage (no-till least and plow greatest). Nitrous oxide flux averaged <1.2 g N ha^–1 d^–1 for sod and 1 to 2 g N ha^–1 d^–1 for wheat-fallow. Tillage during fallow increased N₂O flux by almost 100%. Nitrous oxide emissions were 1.5 to 3.7 times greater from crop row than interrow locations with greatest differences occurring during periods of highest N₂O emission. Mean annual N₂O flux over the 3 yr of study were 1.54 and 0.76 g N ha^–1 d^–1 for row and interrow locations. Methane uptake ranged from 5.9 to 9.9 g C ha^–1 d^–1 and was not influenced by row location. Seasonal CO₂ and N₂O flux, and CH₄ uptake ranked as spring summer > autumn > winter. Winter periods accounted for 4 to 10% and 3 to 47% of the annual CO₂ and N₂O flux, respectively, and 12 to 21% of the annual CH₄ uptake. Fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O, and CH₄ uptake increased linearly with soil temperature. No-till fallow exhibited the least threat to deterioration of atmospheric or soil quality as reflected by greater CH₄ uptake, decreased N₂O and CO₂ emissions, and less loss of soil organic C than tilled soils. However, potential for increased C sequestration in this wheat-fallow system is limited due to reduced C input from intermittent cropping.

Contribution of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and USDA-ARS, Fort Collins. Journal Ser. no. 11811.

Received for publication January 13, 1997.

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