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Published in J Environ Qual 27:515-522 (1998)
© 1998 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA
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Preferential Transport of Phosphorus in Drained Grassland Soils

C. Stamm*,, H. Flühler, R. Gächter, J. Leuenberger and H. Wunderli

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Soil Physics, Grabenstr. 3, 8952 Schlieren, ETHZ, Switzerland;
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Sciences and Technology (EAWAG), Limnological Research Centre, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.

* Corresponding author (stamm{at}ito.umnw.ethz.ch).

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus is the limiting factor for primary production in most freshwater ecosystems. In many areas, diffuse P losses from intensively cultivated land cause severe eutrophication of surface waters. We investigated the P export from two drainage systems under intensively used grassland in a catchment of the Swiss Plateau. Flow rate and nutrient concentrations were measured with a high temporal resolution during discharge events. During most flow peaks, P concentrations strongly increased with increasing flow rates. Concentrations of soluble-reactive P (SRP) reached up to 155 µmol L–1. Phosphorus was mainly transported as soluble-reactive and particulate P. Organic P compounds, as well as P associated with colloids between 0.05 and 0.45 µm in effective diameter, were of minor importance. Estimated P loads from the drainage systems were 227 g SRP ha–1 within a period of 2.5 mo at site I and 1290 g ha–1 during 6 mo at site II. Estimation uncertainty was large (±21 and ±36% for the two sites, respectively) due to the weak correlation between discharge and concentration for all data from a given site. Water-extractable P in the soil was concentrated in the uppermost layer of the profiles or, for short periods after spreading of manure, deposited on the vegetation. The discharge-concentration relationship indicated that P was transported through preferential flow paths extending from close to the surface to the drains. Sprinkling experiments with a blue dye confirmed this conclusion. At one site, we observed preferential flow in a downhill direction within the saturated zone.

Received for publication May 22, 1997.


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