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Institute of Arable Crops Res., Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
* Corresponding author (goswin.heckrath{at}bbscr.ac.uk).
ABSTRACT
Total P (TP), total particulate P (TPP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and dissolved organic P (DOP) were determined in waters from pipedrains (at 65-cm depth) from the Broadbalk Experiment at Rothamsted. Soils that have received either no P, P in farmyard manure (about 40 kg P ha–1) or superphosphate (up to 35 kg P ha–1) annually for >150 yr, now contain 0.5 M NaHCO3-extractable P concentrations (Olsen-P) in the plow layer (0- to 23-cm depth) between 5 and 100 mg kg–1 soil. Our aim was to determine if significant quantities of P could be detected in the drainage water and their relationship to soil P concentrations. On five occasions between October 1992 and January 1994, both TP and DRP from plots receiving superphosphate frequently exceeded 1 mg L–1 and were high compared with literature data. Ranging between 66 and 86% of TP, DRP was the largest fraction in drainage water. It remained low (<0.15 mg L–1) from plots below 60 mg Olsen-P kg–1. There was then a rapid increase in DRP up to the maximum Olsen-P concentration. A simple linear Split-Line Model described this relationship very well for all drainage events. This implies that up to 60 mg Olsen-P kg–1 soil (the change point), P was retained strongly in the plow layer. Above this, P losses in the drainage water were much more closely related to Olsen-P than commonly suggested. The mechanisms could either be preferential flow or rapid transport of P in forms less susceptible to sorption but finally measured as DRP. The results suggest enhanced P losses through subsurface runoff on heavy soils, once a certain plow layer concentration of Olsen-P is exceeded.
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