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The Effects of Leaching and Whole-tree Harvesting on Cation Budgets of Several Forests

Environ. Sci. Div., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN 37831;

J. M. Kelly

Tennessee Valley Authority, Div. of Air and Water Resour., P.O. Box X, ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN 37831;

W. T. Swank

Coweeta Hydrologic Lab., Rt. 1, Box 216, Otto, NC 28763;

D. W. Cole and H. Van Miegroet

College of Forest Resour., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;

J. W. Hornbeck and R. S. Pierce

U.S. Forest Service, Forestry Sci. Lab., P.O. Box 6400, Durham, NH 03824;

D. Van Lear

Dep. of Forestry, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29631.

^* Corresponding author.

ABSTRACT

The effects of acid deposition, natural leaching, and harvesting on base cation export from forests in Maine, Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Washington were compared. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that base cation export via whole-tree harvesting (WTH) would be nearly independent of soil exchangeable base cation supplies; base cation export via leaching would be strongly dependent on the exchangeable cation supplies as well as the input, production, and mobility of anions. This hypothesis was supported by the data: mixed deciduous sites in Tennessee had among the highest base cation (principally Ca) exports via WTH (1.2 kmol_c ha^–1 yr^–1), yet the lowest soil exchangeable supplies (35 kmol_c ha^–1), whereas the Washington sites had by far the highest base cation leaching (5–41 kmol_c ha^–1 yr^–1, due to very high levels of naturally produced HCO^–₃) and soil exchangeable supplies, yet only relatively moderate base cation exports via WTH (0.4 kmol_c ha^–1 yr^–1). Sulfate was either the dominant or a major anion in soil solutions from the eastern sites, suggesting that atmospheric deposition was a major factor in soil leaching from these sites (0.2–2.1 kmol_c ha^–1 yr^–1), but total leaching rates from these sites were much lower than at the Washington sites. Indeed, some of the eastern sites showed a net annual accumulation of one or more base cations from atmospheric deposition. Some of the southeastern sites with Ultisols showed the expected net retention of SO^2–₄, but the sites in the Tennessee Valley near Oak Ridge showed surprisingly little ecosystem SO^2–₄ retention, perhaps due to lower soil SO^2–₄ adsorption in these soils than in other Ultisols.

This research has been funded as part of the Natl. Acid Precip. Assess. Program by the USEPA under lnteragency Agreement no. 79DX0533 along with the Electric Power Res. Inst. (RP 1813-1) and the Biomass Energy Technol. Div., U.S. Dep. of Energy, under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., ORNL. Publication no. 3070, Environ. Sci. Div., ORNL.

Received for publication March 5, 1987.

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