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Short-term Transformations of Copper in Copper-amended Soils¹

ABSTRACT

Copper was added to three soils in the laboratory at a rate of 48 mg Cu kg^–1 in the form of either CuSO₄ or a swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure obtained from swine fed a high-Cu ration (equivalent to 100 Mg manure ha^–1 containing 1060 mg Cu kg^–1). In order to assess the potential transformations of the added Cu among various chemical forms in the soils, a sequential extraction methodology was used to determine types of soil-Cu associations in samples taken 1, 4, 12, and 29 d after Cu additions to moist soils. Copper added as high-Cu manure substantially increased water-extractable Cu in all soils through the entire incubation period, while CuSO₄ additions resulted in higher exchangeable Cu levels through days 4 to 12. Most of the Cu added in both forms was recovered in "specifically adsorbed" forms, with 20 to 25 mg CuSO₄-Cu kg^–1 being Pb-extractable and 15 to 20 mg manure-Cu kg^–1 being acetic acid-extractable throughout the incubation period. Significant amounts of Cu were also associated with soil organic matter (K₄P₂O₇-extractable), more so when the Cu was added as high-Cu manure (10–15 mg Cu kg^–1) than as CuSO₄ (5 mg kg^–1). Some additional added Cu was associated with Mn oxides and noncrystalline Fe oxides after 12 d of incubation, particularly in the two soils containing higher amounts of these oxides. These results suggest increases in short-term availability and mobility of Cu in these soils, particularly with high-Cu manure amendment, although longer-term reversion processes may reduce bioavailability over time.

Key Words: CuSO₄ • sequential extraction • specific adsorption • trace metal fractionation • organically bound Cu • swine manure

¹ Contribution from the Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, and the Dep. of Agronomy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24071. Research supported in part by a grant from the International Copper Research Association, Inc.

² Assistant Professor, Univ. of Georgia, and Professors, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., respectively.

Received for publication August 19, 1986.