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Implications of the Calcium-Aluminum Exchange System for the Effect of Acid Precipitation on Soils¹

ABSTRACT

Calcium-aluminum exchange isotherms were generated for three common ion exchange equilibrium equations, and their implications relative to the probable effects of acid rainfall are examined. The equations examined were those of Gaines and Thomas (1953), Vanselow (1932), and Gapon (1933), using selectivity coefficients K^gt, K^v nd K^gp, respectively, covering the range likely to be found in soils. These isotherms, shown as fraction Al in solution as a function of the charge fraction compensated by exchangeable Ca²⁺
, are affected by solution concentration but are independent of cation exchange capacity. At least within the range of log K^gt values from 1 to 3, the isotherms generated from the Gaines-Thomas and Vanselow equations are almost identical when K^v = 0.316 K^gt. The shape of the isotherm generated by the Gapon equation, however, is somewhat different. Using the Gaines-Thomas equation, the system was expanded to include the Al(OH) ²⁺, Al(OH)₂⁺, and H⁺ ions. Examination of these curves suggests that for most soils, solutions will be dominated by Ca²⁺ or other basic cations, as long as
is above 0.15. The change from Ca²⁺ to Al³⁺ domination is quite abrupt and will usually occur at
values between 0.05 and 0.15. These results are useful in predicting the changes in Ca-Al balance in soil solutions and leachates over time as a result of H₂SO₄ and/or SO₂ impacts.

Key Words: selectivity coefficients • exchange isotherms • sulfur

¹ Contribution of the Corvallis Environ. Res. Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97330. Research reported was funded wholly or in part by USEPA contract, Order number 1B0959NASX.

² Professor of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.

Received for publication November 13, 1982.

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