Fig. 4. Effects of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), cattle manure effluent (CME), and chemical fertilizers (NPK) on leaf nitrate ion (NO3–) concentrations of spinach and komatsuna in the autumn and spring seasons. The vertical bar indicates the 95% confidence interval. Dotted lines present nitrate concentrations in standard tables of food composition in Japan (Resources Council, Science and Technology Agency, 2000) for spinach (2 g kg–1) and for komatsuna (5 g kg–1). ** indicates that the KGE-M plot was significantly different from the CME plot at P < 0.01.