Fig. 1. Photograph of throughfall/precipitation collectors used in this study: (a) Ion exchange resin (IER) column collector with a protective tube installed around the IER column to reduce heating from solar radiation; (b) IER collector with the solar shield tube removed, showing the IER column at the bottom of the collector assembly; (c) Tube that is attached to the funnel collector opening in winter to capture snow; (d) Conventional type rain gauge collector used to collect bulk precipitation or throughfall solutions.